{"id":143,"date":"2020-08-29T12:18:00","date_gmt":"2020-08-29T12:18:00","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/agorapostasi.com\/?p=143"},"modified":"2021-11-13T12:32:10","modified_gmt":"2021-11-13T12:32:10","slug":"takiyuddin-er-rasidin-astronomik-gozlem-aletleri","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/agorapostasi.com\/?p=143","title":{"rendered":"Takiy\u00fcddin Er-Rasid\u2019in Astronomik G\u00f6zlem Aletleri"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

Takiy\u00fcddin<\/strong>\u2019in hayat\u0131na ve \u0130stanbul Rasathanesi\u2019nin kurulu\u015funa, y\u0131k\u0131l\u0131\u015f\u0131na dair yaz\u0131<\/a>mdan sonra Takiy\u00fcddin serisine, Takiy\u00fcddin\u2019in kullanm\u0131\u015f oldu\u011fu, rasathanede bulunan g\u00f6zlem aletleriyle ilgili yaz\u0131yla devam ediyorum. Sonraki yaz\u0131m ise Tycho Brahe ve Takiy\u00fcddin kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131rmas\u0131 olacak.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bize rasathanedeki g\u00f6zlem aletleriyle ilgili olduk\u00e7a detayl\u0131 bilgiler veren \u201cAlat-\u0131 Rasadiyye li Zic-i \u015eehin\u015fahiyye\u201d isimli eserin m\u00fcellifi bilinmiyor. Ancak Takiy\u00fcddin\u2019in notlar\u0131na dayand\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 biliyoruz, bu sebeple bu eseri yazan ki\u015finin, Takiy\u00fcddin\u2019in yan\u0131nda \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan biri oldu\u011fu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcl\u00fcyor. G\u00f6zlem aletleriyle ilgili bilgilerin yan\u0131 s\u0131ra aletlerin resimlerinin de verildi\u011fi bir eser bu. G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcze 6 n\u00fcshas\u0131 kalm\u0131\u015f. 1579\u2019da yaz\u0131lm\u0131\u015f olan bir n\u00fcshas\u0131 bug\u00fcn Kandilli Rasathanesi K\u00fct\u00fcphanesi\u2019nde bulunmaktad\u0131r. Di\u011fer n\u00fcshalar ise \u0130stanbul \u00dcniversitesi Merkez K\u00fct\u00fcphanesi Nadir Eserler B\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc\u2019nde ve Topkap\u0131 Saray\u0131 M\u00fczesi K\u00fct\u00fcphanesi\u2019nde bulunuyor. Ayr\u0131ca K\u00fctahya Vahid Pa\u015fa K\u00fct\u00fcphanesi\u2019nde de bir adet n\u00fcsha bulunmaktad\u0131r. Di\u011fer iki n\u00fcsha ise Paris ve Kahire\u2019de bulunmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bilim Tarih\u00e7isi Sevim Tekeli de bu eserin T\u00fcrk\u00e7e\u2019sini yay\u0131nlam\u0131\u015f ve \u00fczerinde \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar yapm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Daha sonra bu eser, 2011 senesinde Mustafa Ka\u00e7ar, M.\u015einasi Acar, Atilla Bir taraf\u0131ndan T\u00fcrkiye \u0130\u015f Bankas\u0131 K\u00fclt\u00fcr Yay\u0131nlar\u0131\u2019nda bas\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcz t\u00fcrk\u00e7esi ve teknik yorumu, eserin latinize edilmi\u015f hali ve Kandilli Rasathanesi, Topkap\u0131 Saray\u0131 K\u00fct\u00fcphanesi, \u0130stanbul \u00dcniversitesi k\u00fct\u00fcphanelerinde ve Paris\u2019te bulunan n\u00fcshalar\u0131n t\u0131pk\u0131 bas\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 olarak 3 k\u0131s\u0131m halinde bas\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Aletlerle ilgili ba\u015fka bir kaynak ise, Takiy\u00fcddin\u2019in eserlerinde de bahsetti\u011fimiz Takiy\u00fcddin\u2019in yazm\u0131\u015f oldu\u011fu \u201cSidret\u2019\u00fcl M\u00fcnteha\u201d isimli eseridir. Takiy\u00fcddin bu eserinde Rasathanesi\u2019nde yapm\u0131\u015f oldu\u011fu g\u00f6zlemlerinden ve g\u00f6zlem aletleri hakk\u0131nda bilgi vermektedir. Sevim Tekeli, bu eserin bulunan 3 n\u00fcshas\u0131n\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131rarak bir \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma yapm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu iki eserde bilinen ve ayn\u0131 zamanda \u00f6nceki yaz\u0131<\/a>mda da bahsetti\u011fim Alaaddin Mansur\u2019un \u015fiirinde isimleri ge\u00e7en, \u201cAlat-\u0131 Rasadiyye li Zic-i \u015eehin\u015fahiyye\u201d eserindeki 9 aletten bahsedece\u011fim.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Zat\u00fc\u2019l Halak<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n
\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Alat-\u0131 Rasadiyye li Zic-i \u015eehin\u015fahiyye\u2019de verilen birinci alet, Zat\u00fc\u2019l halak idi. Halkal\u0131 k\u00fcre anlam\u0131na geliyor. Eserde zat\u00fc\u2019l halak\u2019\u0131n resmi de verilmi\u015ftir. Takiy\u00fcddin bu aleti g\u00f6kcisimlerinin enlem ve boylamlar\u0131n\u0131n yerlerini belirlemek i\u00e7in kullanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Yani zat\u2019\u00fcl halak, g\u00f6kcisimlerinin ekliptikel enlem ve boylamlar\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6l\u00e7meye yar\u0131yor. Ekliptik halkas\u0131, kutuplar halkas\u0131, b\u00fcy\u00fck boylam halkas\u0131, k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck boylam halkas\u0131, enlem halkas\u0131 ve meridyen halkas\u0131 olmak \u00fczere 6 halkadan olu\u015fuyor. Bu alet Takiy\u00fcddin taraf\u0131ndan yap\u0131lsa da onun icad\u0131 de\u011fildir. Takiy\u00fcddin\u2019den \u00f6nce de bir\u00e7ok astronom bu aleti kullanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u015eehin\u015fahname eserinde bulunan minyat\u00fcrde bulunan fars\u00e7a yaz\u0131n\u0131n anlam\u0131 ise \u201c\u0130lk \u00f6nce \u00e7ok halkal\u0131 arac\u0131 yapt\u0131lar. G\u00f6kten ay gibi sark\u0131tt\u0131lar.\u201d<\/span><\/em> yaz\u0131yor. Bu ifade ayn\u0131 zamanda Alaaddin Mansur\u2019un \u015fiirinde de ge\u00e7mektedir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Libne<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n
\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

\u0130kinci alet ise Libne aletidir. Bir duvar kadran\u0131 olan bu alet, meridyen do\u011frultusunda bulunan g\u00f6kcisimlerinin y\u00fckseklik, e\u011fim ve boyutlar\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6l\u00e7meye yarayan bir alettir. Takiy\u00fcddin bu aleti, Batlamyus\u2019un Almagest\u2019ini inceleyerek tasarlam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Zat\u00fc\u2019s- Semt Ve\u2019l-\u0130rtifa<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n
\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

\u00dc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc alet, Zat\u00fc\u2019s- semt ve\u2019l-irtifa aleti, bir azimut yar\u0131m halkas\u0131d\u0131r. Bu aletle y\u0131ld\u0131zlar\u0131n y\u00fcksekli\u011fini ve g\u00fcney a\u00e7\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6l\u00e7m\u00fc\u015flerdir. \u00d6nce Meraga rasathanesinde kullan\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ve daha sonra \u015eam\u2019da me\u015fhur astronom \u0130bn-i \u015eat\u0131r taraf\u0131ndan kullan\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 biliniyor.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Zat\u00fc\u2019\u015f- \u015eubeteyn<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n
\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

D\u00f6rd\u00fcnc\u00fc alet, Zat\u00fc\u2019s- \u015fubeteyn\u2019dir. \u00c7ift bacakl\u0131 alettir. Ay, G\u00fcne\u015f ve gezegenlerin yer k\u00fcreye olan uzakl\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131, yani paralaks\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6l\u00e7mek i\u00e7in kullan\u0131lan bir alettir ve \u00fc\u00e7 cetvelden olu\u015fur. Takiy\u00fcddin, bu aleti Batlamyus\u2019un Almagest eserindeki tarife g\u00f6re tasarlam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Rub\u2019i-M\u0131stari<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n
\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Eserde verilen be\u015finci alet, Rub\u2019m\u0131stari aleti, cetvelli \u00e7eyrek kadrand\u0131r. Y\u0131ld\u0131zlar\u0131n y\u00fckseklik ve ba\u015fucu a\u00e7\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131 yani, zenit noktalar\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6l\u00e7emeye yarayan tahta cetvelden yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015f bir alettir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Zat-\u00fcs Sukbeteyn<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n
\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Alt\u0131nc\u0131 alet, Zat-\u00fcs Sukbeteyn aletidir. \u0130ki delikli alet, iki gezegen aras\u0131ndaki y\u00fckseklik ve uzakl\u0131k a\u00e7\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131, y\u0131ld\u0131zlar\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fckl\u00fcklerini ve parlakl\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6l\u00e7meye yarayan bir alettir. G\u00f6zlemci, birinci delikten bakar ve ikinci delikten g\u00f6kcismini g\u00f6rebilmek i\u00e7in hareket ettirir. Bu \u015fekilde cetvel \u00fczerinden \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcm yapar.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Zat\u00fc\u2019l-Evtar<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n
\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Yedinci alet, Zat\u00fc\u2019l-Evtar\u2019d\u0131r. Bu alet kiri\u015fli bir alettir. G\u00fcne\u015fin ekinoks noktalar\u0131na, yani, ilkbahar ve sonbahar g\u00fcnd\u00f6n\u00fcmlerine geldi\u011fi an\u0131 tespit edebilmek amac\u0131yla kullan\u0131lan bir alettir. Takiy\u00fcddin<\/strong> taraf\u0131ndan icat edilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

M\u00fce\u015febbehe bil Menat\u0131k<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n
\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Bahsedilen sekizinci alet, M\u00fce\u015febbehe bil Menat\u0131k aleti, y\u0131ld\u0131zlar aras\u0131ndaki mesafeyi \u00f6l\u00e7meye yarayan bir alettir. Takiy\u00fcddin<\/strong>, bu aletle Ko\u00e7 Tak\u0131m Y\u0131ld\u0131z\u0131\u2019ndaki iki y\u0131ld\u0131z\u0131n aras\u0131ndaki a\u00e7\u0131sal uzakl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6l\u00e7m\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. Ve Zat\u00fc\u2019l Evtar aleti gibi Takiy\u00fcddin<\/strong>\u2019in icad\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bengam-i Rasadi<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n
\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Dokuncusu alet ise, Bengam-i Rasadi, <\/em>g\u00f6zlemler s\u0131ras\u0131nda zaman\u0131 \u00f6l\u00e7mek i\u00e7in kullan\u0131lan mekanik bir saattir. Takiy\u00fcddin<\/strong>\u2019in saatlerle ilgili \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 oldu\u011fu biliniyor. Bu alet de rasathanede \u00f6ne \u00e7\u0131kan \u00f6nemli aletlerdendir. Takiy\u00fcddin<\/strong>\u2019in bu alet ile katk\u0131s\u0131, astronomi g\u00f6zlemlerinin daha hassas yap\u0131labilmesi i\u00e7in hassas bir saat geli\u015ftirmesiydi. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc g\u00fcne\u015f, su, kum saatleri mekanik bir saat kadar hassasiyete sahip de\u011fildi. Ayr\u0131ca Takiy\u00fcddin<\/strong>, \u201cSafha-i Saat-i Rasadiyye\u201d eserinde bu alet ile ilgili bilgi vermi\u015f ve resmini detayl\u0131ca \u00e7izmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Takiy\u00fcddin<\/strong>\u2019in Rasathane\u2019de bu aletler d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda usturlab, rubu tahtas\u0131, yerk\u00fcre ve g\u00f6kk\u00fcre gibi ta\u015f\u0131nabilir aletler kulland\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 minyat\u00fcrlerden anlayabiliyoruz. Her ne kadar sabit aletler, hassas g\u00f6zlem yap\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flasa da ta\u015f\u0131nabilir aletlerin rasathanelerde, astronomik g\u00f6zlemlerde kullan\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 biliyoruz.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n

Takiy\u00fcddin<\/strong>\u2019in teleskop kullan\u0131p kullanmad\u0131\u011f\u0131yla ilgili bilgilerimiz, kaynaklar\u0131m\u0131z ise k\u0131s\u0131tl\u0131d\u0131r. Ancak Takiy\u00fcddin<\/strong> \u201cN\u00fbr-i Hadakati\u2019 l-Ebs\u00e2r ve N\u00fbr-i Had\u00eekati\u2019 l-Enz\u00e2r\u201d isimli eserinde \u201cBen uzakta bulunmalar\u0131 nedeniyle g\u00f6r\u00fclemez (g\u00f6zden gizlenmi\u015f olan) e\u015fyay\u0131 en ince ayr\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131yla g\u00f6sterebilen ve ortalama uzakl\u0131kta bulunan gemilerin yelkenlerini bir ucundan tek bir g\u00f6zle bakt\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131zda g\u00f6rebilece\u011fimiz ve (daha \u00f6nce) Yunanl\u0131 bilginlerin yap\u0131p, \u0130skenderiye Kulesi\u2019ne yerle\u015ftirmi\u015f olduklar\u0131na benzer bir billur (mercek) yapt\u0131m.\u201d <\/em>ifadesini ge\u00e7ti\u011fi i\u00e7in baz\u0131 bilim tarih\u00e7ileri bu aletin teleskop olabilece\u011fiyle ilgili bir kan\u0131ya varm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. Ancak ba\u015fka bir kaynak bulunmamaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Aladdin Mansur\u2019un \u015fiirindeki g\u00f6zlem aletleri hakk\u0131nda olan k\u0131s\u0131m:
\u201cBu bilgili insanlar zat\u00fclhalak yard\u0131miyle
G\u00f6k cisimlerinin enlem ve boylam bak\u0131m\u0131ndan yerlerini hep tayin ettiler.
Duvar kadran\u0131 ile de g\u00fcne\u015fin e\u011fimi bulundu. Ekuvat\u00f6rden olan ba\u015fka mesafeler de tayin edildi.
Zat\u00fcssemt ve\u2019l irtifa aleti yard\u0131miyle de, ras\u0131tlar,
Birbiri ile i\u015fbirli\u011fi yaparak, y\u00fckseklik a\u00e7\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131 tayin ettiler.
Ven\u00fcs\u2019le Merk\u00fcr\u2019\u00fcn hareketlerinde
G\u00fcn g\u00f6rm\u00fc\u015f felek \u00e7ark\u0131n\u0131n dolanmalariyle beliren g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fcklerin incelenmesi
Ve ayr\u0131ca, y\u00fckseklik a\u00e7\u0131lar\u0131yle zent mesafelerinin tesbiti Rub-i-mistar yard\u0131m\u0131 ile ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 bir \u015fekilde yap\u0131ld\u0131
Astronomlar zat\u00fc\u015f\u015fubeteyn\u2019le, ve yine aynu suretle, Zat\u00fcssukbeteyn\u2019le bir \u00e7ok \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fc ald\u0131lar:
Bunlardan birinci ile b\u00fct\u00fcn y\u00fckseklik a\u00e7\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131 s\u0131ra ile tespit ettiler; Ay\u0131n paralaks\u0131n\u0131 da ayn\u0131 suretle bu aletle buldular.
\u0130kinci alete gelince, bununla da g\u00f6k cisimlerinin boyutlar\u0131n\u0131 ve mesafelerini bularak Bunlar\u0131 yerli yerine kaydettiler.
Zat\u00fclevtar\u2019\u0131 rol\u00fc de hi\u00e7 k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fcmsenmesin;
\u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc bununla ekinoks noktalar\u0131 sahih olarak tayin olundu.
M\u00fc\u015febbehe bi\u2019l menat\u0131k\u2019la da, b\u00fcy\u00fck bir uyan\u0131kl\u0131kla Yap\u0131lan rasatlardan, \u015f\u00fcphe g\u00f6t\u00fcrmez bir \u015fekilde,
\u00dc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc felekte Ven\u00fcs\u2019\u00fcn episiklinin
Yar\u0131 \u00e7ap\u0131 tam\u0131 tam\u0131na meydana \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131ld\u0131.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Rasathanede uzun saatler g\u00f6zlem yapm\u0131\u015f olan, g\u00f6zlem kay\u0131tlar\u0131n\u0131 tutan, g\u00f6zlem aletlerinden sorumlu olan, k\u00fct\u00fcphaneden sorumlu olan isimlerini bilmedi\u011fimiz o rasathane vazifecilerine, g\u00f6r\u00fcnmez teknisyenlere\u2026<\/span><\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n