{"id":92,"date":"2020-05-23T11:42:00","date_gmt":"2020-05-23T11:42:00","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/agorapostasi.com\/?p=92"},"modified":"2021-08-09T13:23:50","modified_gmt":"2021-08-09T13:23:50","slug":"ortacag-avrupasinda-cuzzam","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/agorapostasi.com\/?p=92","title":{"rendered":"Orta\u00e7a\u011f Avrupas\u0131’nda C\u00fczzam"},"content":{"rendered":"\n
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Orta\u00e7a\u011f Avrupa\u2019s\u0131nda c\u00fczzam, kal\u0131tsal, bula\u015f\u0131c\u0131 bir hastal\u0131k ve bir t\u00fcr lanet olarak g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcyordu. Bu hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131n Ha\u00e7l\u0131 Seferleri sonunda t\u00fcm Avrupa\u2019da yayg\u0131n olarak g\u00f6r\u00fclmeye ba\u015flad\u0131\u011f\u0131na dair g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fler bulunuyor. Kilise\u2019ye g\u00f6re b\u00fct\u00fcn c\u00fczzaml\u0131lar g\u00fcnahkard\u0131. Kilisenin c\u00fczzaml\u0131lar\u0131 g\u00fcnahkar olarak g\u00f6rmesinin sebebi Eski Ahit\u2019in Levililer kitab\u0131ndaki temizlik ve kirlilik kurallar\u0131n\u0131n yanl\u0131\u015f yorumuna dayan\u0131yordu. Eski Ahit\u2019te temizlik, Tanr\u0131\u2019y\u0131 memnun eden, kirlilik ise Tanr\u0131\u2019y\u0131 \u00f6fkelendiren anlam\u0131na geliyordu. Levililer\u2019de bir elbisenin ya da duvar\u0131n \u00fczerindeki leke anlam\u0131na gelen k\u00f6t\u00fc bir cilt hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131 anlat\u0131l\u0131yor ve \u201clekeliler temiz olanlardan, lekenin k\u0131sa s\u00fcreli etkisi ge\u00e7ene kadar ayr\u0131 tutulmal\u0131d\u0131r\u201d<\/em> kural\u0131 ge\u00e7iyor. Eski Ahit farkl\u0131 dillere \u00e7evrildik\u00e7e bu c\u00fcmlenin anlam\u0131 de\u011fi\u015fime u\u011fruyor ve leke kelimesi c\u00fczzam anlam\u0131na gelen \u201clepra\u201d kelimesine d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcyor. Bu kelime hatas\u0131, c\u00fczzaml\u0131lar\u0131 Tanr\u0131\u2019n\u0131n ho\u015fnutsuzlu\u011funun, gazab\u0131n\u0131n simgesi haline getiriyor. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Orta\u00e7a\u011f hekimleri, c\u00fczzam\u0131 genel olarak cinsel ili\u015fkiyle ge\u00e7en bir hastal\u0131k olarak tan\u0131ml\u0131yorlar. Ayn\u0131  zamanda v\u00fccut s\u0131v\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n dengesizli\u011fi, \u00e7\u00fcr\u00fcm\u00fc\u015f yiyecekler ve \u00e7ok durmu\u015f i\u00e7eceklerin t\u00fcketimi, kirlilik gibi sebeplerin de c\u00fczzam hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 artt\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131 y\u00f6n\u00fcnde fikirler bulunuyor. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Bingenli Azize Hildegard<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Antik Roma\u2019n\u0131n \u00f6nemli hekimi olan Galen\u2019in gelene\u011fini s\u00fcrd\u00fcren baz\u0131 hekimler, hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131n sebebini, c\u00fczzam hastalar\u0131n\u0131n kanlar\u0131nda \u00e7ok fazla h\u00fcz\u00fcn ve melankoli bulunmas\u0131na ba\u011flamaktad\u0131rlar. V\u00fccut s\u0131v\u0131lar\u0131 ve c\u00fczzam aras\u0131nda ba\u011flant\u0131 kurduklar\u0131 i\u00e7in kandaki fazla melankoliyi, yani, safra kesesindeki s\u0131v\u0131n\u0131n fazlal\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 almak, bu hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131n tedavi y\u00f6ntemi olarak g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcyordu. 12. y\u00fczy\u0131lda ya\u015fam\u0131\u015f Bingenli Hildegard ise c\u00fczzam\u0131n domuz eti, s\u00fct ve \u015faraptan kaynakland\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 s\u00f6ylemi\u015ftir. Hildegard, c\u00fczzam\u0131n tedavisinde beyaz zamba\u011f\u0131n, ye\u015fil a\u011fa\u00e7kakan yemenin ve kar\u0131nca yuvalar\u0131n\u0131n kullan\u0131labilece\u011fini ve bunlar\u0131n iyile\u015ftirici g\u00fcc\u00fcnden bahsediyor. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 t\u0131bbi tedavilerin zorlu\u011fu anla\u015f\u0131l\u0131nca c\u00fczzaml\u0131lar\u0131 izole edilmesine ve bak\u0131mlar\u0131n\u0131n yap\u0131lmas\u0131na odaklan\u0131ld\u0131. Yani c\u00fczzam i\u00e7in tedavi, \u00f6ncelikli ama\u00e7 de\u011fildi. C\u00fczzaml\u0131lar i\u00e7in bir\u00e7ok c\u00fczzam evi ve hastaneler kurulmaya ba\u015flan\u0131yor. Bu evler, tedavi olmaktan ziyade c\u00fczzaml\u0131lar\u0131n \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc bekledikleri yerlerdi. Orta\u00e7a\u011f Avrupa\u2019s\u0131nda yirmi binden fazla c\u00fczzam evinin oldu\u011fu biliniyor. Bu hastaneler ve c\u00fczzam evleri, tipik olarak \u00e7itle \u00e7evrili bir bah\u00e7eden olu\u015fuyordu. Ayn\u0131 zamanda yan\u0131nda mezarl\u0131klar da bulunuyordu. C\u00fczzam\u2019\u0131n Avrupa\u2019ya b\u0131rakt\u0131\u011f\u0131 miras bu c\u00fczzam evleri ve hastaneleridir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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C\u00fczzaml\u0131lar i\u00e7in toplanan ba\u011f\u0131\u015flar sayesinde, bu ilk hastaneler, di\u011fer hastalara da d\u00fczenli olarak bakabilecek kadar geli\u015fiyor. Bu c\u00fczzam evleri yap\u0131lan ba\u011f\u0131\u015flara oranla zengin ya da fakir evlerdir. Bir\u00e7o\u011funun iyi yiyecek, i\u00e7ecek tedarik etti\u011fi biliniyor. Varl\u0131kl\u0131 insanlar\u0131n g\u00fcnahlar\u0131n\u0131n kefareti i\u00e7in c\u00fczzaml\u0131lara ba\u011f\u0131\u015f yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131, sadaka verdikleri biliniyor. Ayr\u0131ca baz\u0131 durumlarda c\u00fczzaml\u0131lar\u0131n m\u00fclkleri bu c\u00fczzam evlerine b\u0131rak\u0131lm\u0131\u015f ve servetleri c\u00fczzam evlerine verilmi\u015ftir. Buna ek olarak, c\u00fczzaml\u0131lar\u0131n m\u00fclk edinmesinin \u00f6n\u00fcne ge\u00e7ilecek kanuni d\u00fczenlemeler de yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu \u015fekilde c\u00fczzaml\u0131lar\u0131n m\u00fclk edinmesine izin verilmemi\u015ftir. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc c\u00fczzaml\u0131 insanlar\u0131n sa\u011fl\u0131kl\u0131 insanlarla bir arada ya\u015famas\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6n\u00fcne ge\u00e7ilmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131l\u0131yordu<\/p>\n\n\n\n

  Bir c\u00fczzaml\u0131y\u0131 toplumdan ay\u0131rmak i\u00e7in bir t\u00f6ren yap\u0131l\u0131yordu. Bu daha \u00e7ok c\u00fczzaml\u0131 ki\u015finin kendi cenaze t\u00f6renine kat\u0131lmas\u0131 gibi bir \u015feydi. C\u00fczzaml\u0131 ki\u015fi, bu t\u00f6rende yeni kaz\u0131lan mezara girer, elinde bir mumla durur ve papaz \u00fczerine \u00fc\u00e7 k\u00fcrek toprak atarken ayn\u0131 zamanda \u201c<\/span><\/strong><\/em>D\u00fcnyaya \u00f6l\u00fc ol, yeniden Tanr\u0131\u2019ya do\u011f.\u201d <\/em><\/span><\/strong>c\u00fcmlesini s\u00f6yler. C\u00fczzaml\u0131lar\u0131n, toplumda \u00f6l\u00fc olarak kabul edildi\u011fini bu t\u00f6renden de anl\u0131yoruz. T\u00f6renin sonunda papaz, c\u00fczzaml\u0131lar\u0131n uymas\u0131 gereken kurallar\u0131 s\u00f6yler. Hatta buna yasaklar diyebiliriz. Kiliseye girmek, \u00e7ocuklara dokunmak, halka a\u00e7\u0131k kuyulardan su i\u00e7mek, cinsel ili\u015fkide bulunmak, c\u00fczzaml\u0131 e\u015fyalar\u0131 olmadan seyahat etmek c\u00fczzaml\u0131lar i\u00e7in yasakt\u0131. T\u00f6ren bittikten sonra c\u00fczzaml\u0131 ki\u015fi, c\u00fczzam evlerinde hayat\u0131n\u0131 s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fcyordu. M\u0131s\u0131rl\u0131lar da c\u00fczzam\u0131 \u201c\u00f6l\u00fcmden \u00f6nce \u00f6l\u00fcm\u201d olarak tan\u0131mlam\u0131\u015flard\u0131r ve c\u00fczzaml\u0131lar\u0131 uzak yerlere g\u00f6ndermi\u015flerdir, yani, c\u00fczzaml\u0131lar\u0131n kendi kaderlerine terk edilmeleri Orta\u00e7a\u011f i\u00e7in yeni bir \u015fey de\u011fildi. D\u0131\u015flanma, terk edilme i\u00e7in bir benzetme olarak c\u00fczzam kelimesi h\u00e2l\u00e2 kullan\u0131l\u0131r. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

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C\u00fczzaml\u0131 k\u0131yafetleri<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

C\u00fczzaml\u0131lar\u0131n e\u015fyalar\u0131na gelecek olursak, c\u00fczzaml\u0131lar, giydikleri k\u0131yafetler vesilesiyle sa\u011fl\u0131kl\u0131 insanlardan ay\u0131rt edilebiliyordu. Bu sa\u011fl\u0131kl\u0131 insanlara kar\u015f\u0131 yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015f bir uyar\u0131 g\u00f6stergesidir. Uzun k\u0131yafetler, eldivenler, omuz \u00fczerinden sarkan boynuzlar bu elbiselerin tipik \u00f6zellikleriydi. Baz\u0131 c\u00fczzaml\u0131lar maske de tak\u0131yordu. Ayn\u0131 zamanda k\u0131yafetlerine c\u00fczzaml\u0131 anlam\u0131na gelen \u201clepreux\u201d kelimesinin ba\u015f harfini,  \u201cL\u201d harfini dikerlerdi. C\u00fczzaml\u0131lar\u0131n genellikle, sa\u011fl\u0131kl\u0131 olanlar\u0131 uyarmak amac\u0131yla ta\u015f\u0131d\u0131klar\u0131 bir \u00e7an ya da zilleri, istedikleri \u015feyleri g\u00f6sterebilecekleri bir sopalar\u0131, su mataralar\u0131 ve sadaka \u00e7anaklar\u0131 olurdu. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

 14. y\u00fczy\u0131lda, c\u00fczzam ve c\u00fczzaml\u0131lar Avrupa\u2019da azalmaya ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. 1340\u2019larda, daha \u00f6nceleri \u00e7ok dolu olan bir s\u00fcr\u00fc c\u00fczzam evleri, bir ya da iki c\u00fczzaml\u0131 hastan\u0131n bar\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131klamaya ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bir\u00e7o\u011fu kapanm\u0131\u015f veya harabeye d\u00f6nm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. 1550\u2019lere gelindi\u011finde Fransa\u2019daki c\u00fczzam evlerinin baz\u0131lar\u0131 genel hastanelere d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n

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Francesco Traini, \u00d6l\u00fcm\u00fcn Zaferi, 1355<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Orta\u00e7a\u011f\u2019da c\u00fczzam sanata da yans\u0131m\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bir\u00e7ok sanat\u00e7\u0131 tablolar\u0131nda c\u00fczzama yer vermi\u015ftir \u00f6zellikle 12.y\u00fczy\u0131ldaki \u00f6rneklerine rastlamak m\u00fcmk\u00fcnd\u00fcr. C\u00fczzam\u2019a dair tablolara bak\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda \u00e7o\u011funlukla Hz.\u0130sa\u2019ya dair \u0130ncil\u2019deki k\u0131ssalardan yola \u00e7\u0131k\u0131larak ruhban s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n\u0131n hastay\u0131 iyile\u015ftirme an\u0131 tasvir edilmi\u015ftir. Onlara en b\u00fcy\u00fck yard\u0131m\u0131 Hz.\u0130sa\u2019dan oldu\u011fu gibi din adamlar\u0131ndan gelece\u011fi alg\u0131s\u0131 eserlerde g\u00f6ze \u00e7arpmaktad\u0131r. Eserlerin b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011funda mutlaka bir rahip ya da rahibe bulunmaktad\u0131r. 1355\u2019te c\u00fczzam\u0131n fiziksel ve ruhsal umutsuzlu\u011funu yans\u0131tan ilk sanat\u00e7\u0131, \u0130talyan ressam Francesco Traini olmu\u015ftu. \u201c\u00d6l\u00fcm\u00fcn Zaferi\u201d isimli freski, elleri sar\u0131l\u0131, burunlar\u0131 erimi\u015f, \u00f6fke i\u00e7indeki sekiz c\u00fczzaml\u0131 dinleyiciyi tasvir eder. Bir c\u00fczzaml\u0131 elinde \u201cHer ac\u0131n\u0131n ilac\u0131 \u00f6l\u00fcm, saadet bizi terk etti\u011fine g\u00f6re, gel de bize Son Ak\u015fam Yeme\u011fimizi ver\u201d<\/span><\/strong><\/em> s\u00f6zlerinin yaz\u0131l\u0131 oldu\u011fu bir ka\u011f\u0131t bulunmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ayr\u0131ca \u0130stanbul\u2019da bulunan Kariye M\u00fczesi\u2019nde c\u00fczzaml\u0131 bir hastan\u0131n iyile\u015ftirilmesi \u00fczerine bir mozaik tasvir edilmi\u015ftir. Bu tasvirdeki c\u00fczzaml\u0131 ki\u015fi, \u0130sa\u2019dan kendisini iyile\u015ftirmesini istemesi \u00fczerine, \u0130sa c\u00fczzaml\u0131 hastaya dokunarak onu iyile\u015ftirmi\u015ftir. C\u00fczzaml\u0131 ki\u015finin \u00fcst\u00fcndeki noktalarla c\u00fczzaml\u0131 oldu\u011fu belirtilmi\u015ftir. Tasvirin \u00fczerinde \u201cC\u00fczzaml\u0131ya Mesih\u2019in \u015fifas\u0131\u201d<\/span><\/em><\/strong> yaz\u0131l\u0131d\u0131r. Ancak Kariye M\u00fczesi\u2019ndeki bu tasvir tahrip olmu\u015ftur.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n

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Kariye M\u00fczesi’nden bir tasvir<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n
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Francesco Traini, \u00d6l\u00fcm\u00fcn Zaferi, 1355<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n